PHOENIX — Biologists with the Mexican Wolf Interagency Field Team (IFT) recently learned a fostered wolf pup introduced to a pack in 2014 has produced a wild offspring of her own.

In a critical breakthrough in Mexican wolf management, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recently reported that a genetic test of male 1561 revealed that it is the offspring of male 1293 and female 1346. The female was one of two pups fostered into the den of the Dark Canyon Pack in New Mexico in 2014.

“We now have proof that a fostered pup not only survived to adulthood, but that it is reproducing and contributing genetically important young into the wild,” said Jim deVos, assistant director of wildlife management for the Arizona Game and Fish Department. “This is fantastic news for the program and demonstrates that fostering Mexican wolves so they grow up wild is effective and provides a critical step forward for wolf recovery.”

The Arizona Game and Fish Commission and department support this fostering technique that introduces very young pups from captivity and places them into a wild-born litter of the same age. The pups are then raised in the wild rather than captivity.

Critics of the commission’s decision to restrict releases in Arizona solely to fostering pups argued that until these pups reproduce there would be no genetic rescue.

“One of the key challenges to recovery of the Mexican wolf is long-term genetic management given that all Mexican wolves alive today originated from a founder population of only seven animals,” deVos said. “This approach has been used in genetic management of other species but until this month was unproven for Mexican wolves,” said deVos.

The Mexican Wolf Reintroduction Project is a collaborative effort of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Game and Fish Department, White Mountain Apache Tribe, USDA Forest Service, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service – Wildlife Services, and several participating counties in Arizona.

PHOENIX — In their native habitat of the southwestern United States, the success of cross-fostered pups among the Mexican wolf population is being documented due to dedicated and collaborative efforts among several agencies and organizations, including the Arizona Game and Fish Department, the Chicago Zoological Society (CZS), the Endangered Wolf Center (EWC), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The organizations are working together to reintroduce the species to its native habitat in the American Southwest and Mexico.

In April 2016, five Mexican wolf pups were born at Brookfield Zoo in Illinois. As part of the Mexican Wolf Recovery Program, two of the pups were placed in the den of the Arizona-based Elk Horn Pack of wild wolves with the intention that the pack’s adults would raise the two with its own litter. In this process, known as “cross-fostering,” very young pups are moved from a captive litter to a wild litter of similar age so that the receiving pack raises the pups as their own. The technique, which has proven successful with wolves and other wildlife, shows promise to improve the genetic diversity of the wild wolf population.

On Sept. 18, the Mexican wolf Interagency Field Team, which includes wildlife biologists from the Arizona Game and Fish Department, USFWS, U.S. Forest Service, White Mountain Apache Tribe and USDA Wildlife Services, captured a male pup associated with the Elk Horn Pack. Genetic analysis done by the Laboratory for Ecological, Evolutionary and Conservation Genetics at the University of Idaho recently confirmed that the captured pup originated at the Brookfield Zoo. During the capture and handling, biologists gave the wolf a brief exam, administered vaccines and fitted him with a radio collar, which will allow the Interagency Field Team to track him and learn important information about the animal’s survival, dispersal, and potential new pack formation in the future.

At least one additional cross-fostered pup has survived and is confirmed to be with the Panther Creek Pack in Arizona. In May, two Mexican wolf pups born at the Endangered Wolf Center in Missouri were placed in the den of the Panther Creek Pack, which was documented with five pups. The two additional pups from the Endangered Wolf Center increased the total litter size to seven. The Panther Creek Pack was recently confirmed as having at minimum of pups.

“We are thrilled to hear that cross-fostered pups have been located and are doing well with their foster packs,” said Bill Zeigler, senior vice president of animal programs for CZS. “The success of the program is a true testament to the collaboration with our partners.”

“A big advantage of cross-fostering is that we’re introducing wolf pups that have had minimal contact with humans offering a chance to improve genetic diversity while maintaining social tolerance for Mexican wolf recovery,” said Jim deVos, assistant director for Wildlife Management for Arizona Game and Fish.

“The support and partnership the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has with the Brookfield Zoo and the Endangered Wolf Center is tremendous. It plays a critical role in the success of Mexican wolf recovery,” said Benjamin Tuggle, the Service’s (Service) Southwest Regional Director. “Long term survival of these pups increases the chances of improving the genetic health in the wild population. Monitoring their movements and behavior also increases our capability to plan for future Mexican gray wolf conservation.”

An additional cross-fostering event occurred in 2016, the success of which is not yet known. In April, two pups born at the Endangered Wolf Center were fostered into the den of the New Mexico based Sheepherder’s Baseball Park Pack. The Interagency Field Team continues efforts to document pup survival in this pack.

This year is the first time since 1998 when the Mexican Wolf Recovery Program began releasing Mexican wolves back into the wild that pups born in the captive breeding program have been successfully cross-fostered into the wild. In 2015, the Interagency Field Team fostered two pups from one wild litter to another, and has recently confirmed one of those pups is alive in the wild. This pup, M1347, has dispersed from its natal area and has been documented traveling with an uncollared wolf, presumably a female.

The Mexican Gray Wolf Recovery Program is a multi-agency collaboration between the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the Arizona Game and Fish Department, the White Mountain Apache Tribe, the USDA Forest Service, and the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service—Wildlife Services, several counties, as well as private organizations. Mexican wolves are the most rare and most genetically distinct subspecies of North American gray wolves. The current population of the species in the captive breeding program is 243 individuals in 54 institutions. As of December 2015, a minimum of 97 Mexican gray wolves were living in the wild. This reintroduced population is now a naturally functioning wolf population.